37 Machine-Learning Model* Trending = In 2015... Industry Surpassed Academia as Data + Compute + Financial Needs Rose *Machine Learning = A subset of AI where machines learn from patterns in data without being explicitly programmed. Note: Academia includes models developed by one or more institutions, including government agencies. Industry-academia collaboration excludes government partnerships and only captures partnerships between academic institutions and industry. Industry excludes models developed in partnership with any entity other than another company. Epoch AI, an AI Index data provider, uses the term ‘notable machine learning models’ to designate particularly influential models within the AI/machine learning ecosystem. Epoch maintains a database of 900 AI models released since the 1950s, selecting entries based on criteria such as state-of-the-art advancements, historical significance, or high citation rates. Since Epoch manually curates the data, some models considered notable by some may not be included. A count of zero academic models does not mean that no notable models were produced by academic institutions in 2023, but rather that Epoch AI has not identified any as notable. Additionally, academic publications often take longer to gain recognition, as highly cited papers introducing significant architectures may take years to achieve prominence. China data may be subject to informational limitations due to government restrictions. Source: Nestor Maslej et al., ‘The AI Index 2025 Annual Report,’ AI Index Steering Committee, Stanford HAI (4/25) 2003-2014: Academia Era 2015-today: Industry Era Global Notable Machine Learning Models by Sector – 2003-2024, per Stanford HAI Annual New Notable Machine-Learning Models AI Development Trending = Unprecedented