253 Large-Scale AI Language Model Competition = +420% Increase in Models Released Over Two Years, per Epoch AI *Epoch AI defines large-scale as models where their training compute is confirmed to exceed 1023 floating-point operations. An AI system can operate in more than one domain and may be double-counted across pages. Many models shown are multimodal. Source: Epoch AI via Our World in Data (4/25), OpenAI, DeepSeek, Google Language Models – Examples Large-Scale* Language Models – Releases Number of Systems Released per Year 0 25 50 75 100 125 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (as of 5/25) +420% Rising Competition = AI Model Releases